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Question
Class 7Social ScienceTurning Tides 11th and 12th centuries

What observation did Al-Bīrunī make about Indian sciences after Mahmud's invasions?

Verified Answer

Al-Bīrunī, a Persian scholar who accompanied Mahmud, noted that Indian sciences "retired far away" to places like Kashmir and Varanasi. Mahmud did not establish permanent rule beyond Punjab.