(i) Explain how bats use sound to navigate and find prey?

(ii) How does reverberation effect the quality of music or speech?

(iii) describe the principle behind the working of megaphone.

(i) Bats search out prey and fly in the dark night by emitting and detecting reflections of ultrasonic waves. The high-pitched ultrasonic squeaks of the bat are reflected from the obstacles or prey and returned to bat’s ear. The nature of reflections tells the bat where the obstacle or prey is and what it is like.

(ii) A certain amount of reverberation improves the quality of sound of orchestral and choral music. However excessive reverberation makes the speech or music indistinct.

(iii) A megaphone works on the principle of reflection of sound. In this instrument, a tube followed by a conical opening reflects sound successively to guide most of the sound from the source in the forward direction towards the audience.