Discuss the major challenges faced by Indian farmers today.

The following challenges threaten farmers’ livelihoods and the future of agriculture in India:

• Small landholdings reduce farmers’ income and limit the use of machinery.
• Climate change has made rainfall unpredictable, causing crop failures.
• Water stress due to the overuse of groundwater affects irrigation.
• Rising costs of seeds and fertilisers increase financial pressure.

Many farmers fall into debt due to low income and loan repayment problems.