Question
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What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Verified Answer

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is a principle in population genetics that states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided certain conditions are met. It represents a theoretical state where no evolution is occurring.

The equilibrium is based on five key assumptions:

  • No mutation (no new alleles are introduced)

  • No migration (gene flow)

  • No natural selection

  • Large population size (no genetic drift)

  • Random mating

Under these conditions, allele frequencies remain stable, and genotype frequencies can be predicted using the equation:

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

Where:

  • p² represents homozygous dominant

  • 2pq represents heterozygous

  • q² represents homozygous recessive

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is used as a baseline to study evolution. If actual population data deviate from this equilibrium, it indicates that one or more evolutionary forces (such as selection, mutation, or drift) are acting on the population.

Overall, it provides a framework to understand genetic stability and detect evolutionary changes in populations.