What are stomata? Describe their function.

Stomata are tiny pores present on the surface of leaves, primarily on the underside. They are surrounded by specialized cells called guard cells that regulate their opening and closing.

The main function of stomata is gas exchange. They allow carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to enter the leaf for photosynthesis and enable oxygen, a by-product of photosynthesis, to exit into the atmosphere.

Stomata also play a crucial role in transpiration, the process by which water vapor is lost from the plant. This helps in cooling the plant and maintaining the flow of water and minerals from roots to leaves.

The opening and closing of stomata are controlled by guard cells based on environmental conditions such as light, water availability, and carbon dioxide concentration.

Thus, stomata are essential for photosynthesis, respiration, and maintaining water balance in plants.