For two statements are given-one labelled Assertion (A) and the other labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below: a. Both A and R are true, and R is correct explanation of the assertion. b. Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of the assertion. c. A is true but R is false. d. A is false but R is true. Assertion: Internal fertilisation occurs in mammals and birds. Reason: External fertilisation occurs in reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

(a) List two differences between ‘holozoic nutrition’ and ‘saprophytic nutrition. Give two examples each of these two types of nutrition. (b) State the roles of liver and pancreas. (c) Name the organ which performs the following functions in humans: Absorption of digested food Absorption of water. (d) Explain the statement, “Bile does not contain any enzyme but it is essential for digestion.”

Updated 1/12/2026

List any two differences between pollination and fertilization.

Updated 1/12/2026

What is gene?

Updated 1/12/2026

List four tools used to study evolutionary relationships.

Updated 1/12/2026

Why are green plants called producers?

Updated 1/12/2026