Explain the process of decomposition with suitable examples.

Decomposition is a stepwise biological process in which dead organic matter is gradually broken down into simpler substances by decomposers like bacteria and fungi.

The process begins with the breakdown of complex organic compounds such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats into simpler molecules. Microorganisms secrete enzymes that chemically digest this organic material. For example, when a leaf falls on the ground, fungi and bacteria act on it, breaking it down into simpler substances like carbon dioxide, water, and mineral salts.

During decomposition, detritivores such as earthworms and insects also play a role by physically breaking down large pieces of organic matter into smaller fragments, increasing the surface area for microbial action.

As decomposition progresses, nutrients are released into the soil, which can then be reused by plants. For instance, a dead animal decomposes over time and releases nitrogen compounds into the soil, which plants absorb for growth.

This process ensures the continuous recycling of matter in nature and prevents the accumulation of dead organic waste.