NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics provide chapter-wise answers to all textbook questions. The book is divided into two parts, with Part 1 containing 8 chapters and Part 2 containing 6 chapters. Book 1 focuses on topics such as electricity, magnetism, and current electricity, while Book 2 covers ray optics, atoms, nuclei and semiconductor electronics.
Shiksha Nation solutions are designed according to the latest CBSE class 12 2026 syllabus and CBSE Board exam pattern. Covering all in-text and exercise questions, they simplify difficult topics and make them easier to understand. These NCERT solutions also help students revise effectively, build strong conceptual clarity, and prepare for competitive exams such as JEE.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Chapter wise 2026 27
Physics Part - 1
| S.No. | Chapter Name & Topic |
| 1 | Chapter 1 - Electric Charges And Fields |
| 2 | Chapter 2 - Electrostatic Potential And Capacitance |
| 3 | Chapter 3 - Current Electricity |
| 4 | Chapter 4 - Moving Charges And Magnetism |
| 5 | Chapter 5 - Magnetism And Matter |
| 6 | Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction |
| 7 | Chapter 7 - Alternating Current |
| 8 | Chapter 8 - Electromagnetic Waves |
Physics Part - 2
| 9 | Chapter 9 - Ray Optics And Optical Instruments |
| 10 | Chapter 10 - Wave Optics |
| 11 | Chapter 11 - Dual Nature Of Radiation And Matter |
| 12 | Chapter 12 - Atoms |
| 13 | Chapter 13 - Nuclei |
| 14 | Chapter 14 - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices And Simple Circuits |
Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Physics Overview
Physics Part-I
Chapter 1 - Electric Charges and Fields
The first chapter discusses the concepts of electrostatics and the nature of electric charge. Students learn about electric charges, conductors and insulators, charging by induction and the basic properties of charge such as conservation, quantization, and additivity.
The chapter explains Coulomb’s Law and the principle of superposition for calculating forces between multiple charges. It teaches the concepts of electric field, electric field lines, electric flux and electric dipoles. The chapter also includes Gauss's Law and its applications in determining electric fields due to symmetrical charge distributions.
Chapter 2 - Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
Chapter 2 introduces electric potential and potential energy. Students learn about electrostatic potential, potential difference, equipotential surfaces, and the relationship between electric field and electric potential. The chapter explains the potential due to a point charge, a system of charges and an electric dipole.
It also explains capacitors, capacitance, and the factors affecting capacitance, along with the combination of capacitors in series and parallel. Students learn about energy stored in a capacitor and the role of dielectrics in increasing capacitance.
Chapter 3 - Current Electricity
This chapter teaches the flow of electric charges in conductors and the principles related to electric circuits. Students learn about electric current, drift velocity, current density, and the mobility of charge carriers. The chapter explains Ohm’s Law, electrical resistance, resistivity, conductivity, and the factors affecting them.
It also covers the combination of resistors in series and parallel, the temperature dependence of resistance, electromotive force (emf), internal resistance of a cell, and Kirchhoff’s laws. Students learn about the Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge, potentiometer and their practical applications.
Chapter 4 - Moving Charges and Magnetism
This chapter explains the connection between electricity and magnetism by studying the magnetic effects produced by moving charges. Students learn about the magnetic force acting on moving charges and current-carrying conductors, the motion of charged particles in magnetic fields and the motion of particles in combined electric and magnetic fields.
The chapter discusses the Biot–Savart Law and Ampère’s Circuital Law for calculating magnetic fields due to electric currents. It also covers magnetic fields produced by circular loops, solenoids and toroids, the force between parallel current-carrying conductors, and the definition of the ampere. Students also study torque on a current loop, magnetic dipole moments, and the working principle of the moving-coil galvanometer.
Chapter 5 - Magnetism and Matter
Chapter 5 discusses the magnetic properties of materials. Students learn about bar magnets, magnetic field lines, and the Earth's magnetism, including magnetic elements such as declination, dip, and horizontal intensity. The chapter explains magnetic dipoles, torque on a magnetic dipole in a magnetic field, and the magnetic moment of current loops. It also explains different types of magnetic materials such as diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic, as well as their behaviour in external magnetic fields.
Chapter 6 - Electromagnetic Induction
This chapter explains how changing magnetic fields produce electric currents and forms the basis of modern electrical power generation. Students learn about magnetic flux, Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, and Lenz’s law, which determines the direction of induced current.
The chapter discusses motional electromotive force, eddy currents and their applications, self-induction and mutual induction, and the concept of inductance. Students also study the energy stored in an inductor and the working principles behind transformers and electrical generators.
Chapter 7 - Alternating Current
This chapter helps students in understanding electric currents that vary periodically in magnitude and direction. Students learn about alternating current (AC) and alternating voltage, their graphical representation, and important quantities such as peak value, mean value, and root mean square (rms) value.
The chapter explains AC circuits containing resistors, capacitors, and inductors, both individually and in combination, and introduces concepts such as reactance, impedance, phase difference and resonance. Students also study power in AC circuits, power factor, transformers, and the transmission of electrical energy.
Chapter 8 - Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 8 explains electromagnetic waves as a consequence of the unification of electricity and magnetism. Students learn about displacement current and how changing electric and magnetic fields give rise to electromagnetic waves.
The chapter discusses the nature and properties of electromagnetic waves, showing that they are transverse waves capable of propagating through a vacuum. It also discusses the electromagnetic spectrum, including radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays.
Physics Part-II
Chapter 9 - Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
This chapter studies the behaviour of light using the ray model of optics. Students learn about reflection of light by plane and spherical mirrors, refraction at plane and spherical surfaces, total internal reflection, and optical fibres.
The chapter explains image formation by mirrors and lenses, mirror and lens formulas, magnification and the combination of lenses. It also teaches about optical instruments such as the human eye, simple microscope, compound microscope and astronomical telescope.
Chapter 10 - Wave Optics
Chapter 10 explains the wave nature of light. Students learn about Huygens’ principle and its application to the propagation, reflection, and refraction of light waves. The chapter discusses interference of light, particularly Young’s double-slit experiment, and explains the conditions necessary for sustained interference.
It also covers diffraction of light and the bending of waves around obstacles and apertures, and the phenomenon of polarization, which demonstrates the transverse nature of light.
Chapter 11 - Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
In this chapter, students learn about the dual nature of radiation, where light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. It explains the photoelectric effect and Einstein’s photoelectric equation, providing evidence for the particle nature of light.
It also covers the concept of photons, de Broglie’s hypothesis of matter waves, and the wave nature of moving particles. Students study experimental verification of matter waves and understand how both radiation and matter exhibit wave-particle duality.
Chapter 12 - Atoms
This chapter discusses Rutherford’s alpha-particle scattering experiment and the nuclear model of the atom, which revealed the existence of a small, dense nucleus. It explains atomic spectra and the limitations of classical physics in describing atomic structure.
It then discusses Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom, including quantized energy levels, electron orbits, and the explanation of the hydrogen line spectrum. Students also study spectral series, excitation and ionization of atoms and de Broglie’s explanation of Bohr’s quantization condition through matter waves.
Chapter 13 - Nuclei
Chapter 13 explains the structure, properties and stability of atomic nuclei. Students learn about atomic masses, the composition and size of nuclei, isotopes, isobars, and isotones.
The chapter explains mass defect, Einstein’s mass–energy equivalence, nuclear binding energy and binding energy per nucleon as measures of nuclear stability. It also discusses nuclear forces and discusses radioactive decay, nuclear reactions, nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, and their role in nuclear reactors and stellar energy production.
Chapter 14 - Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
The last chapter explains the electronic properties of semiconductors and their importance in modern technology. Students learn about intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, and how doping creates n-type and p-type materials. The chapter discusses the formation and behaviour of the p-n junction, including forward and reverse bias and its application as a rectifier.
It also explains semiconductor devices such as diodes, zener diodes, photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and transistors. Students also study logic gates and their role in digital electronics.
