NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry provide complete chapter-wise answers to all textbook questions. The book is divided into two parts, with each part containing 5 chapters. Book 1 includes topics such as electrochemistry, chemical kinetics and coordination compounds, while Book 2 covers haloalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, amines and biomolecules.
Shiksha Nation’s solutions are prepared in a structured format, ensuring each concept is explained with proper logic. With clear explanations and step-by-step answers, these solutions help students understand Class 12 Chemistry more effectively.
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Chapter PDF
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Part - 1
| S.No. | Chapter Name & Topic |
| 1 | Chapter 1 - Solutions |
| 2 | Chapter 2 - Electrochemistry |
| 3 | Chapter 3 - Chemical Kinetics |
| 4 | Chapter 4 - The d-and f-Block Elements |
| 5 | Chapter 5 - Coordination Compounds |
NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Part - 2
| 1 | Chapter 6 - Haloalkanes and Haloarenes |
| 2 | Chapter 7 - Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers |
| 3 | Chapter 8 - Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids |
| 4 | Chapter 9 - Amines |
| 5 | Chapter 10 - Biomolecules |
Chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Chemistry Overview
Chapter 1 - Solutions
The first chapter explains homogeneous mixtures called solutions and discusses how their properties depend on the amount and nature of the dissolved substances. Students learn about different types of solutions, methods of expressing concentration such as molarity, molality, mole fraction, mass percentage and ppm, and the factors affecting solubility. The chapter covers the solubility of gases in liquids through Henry’s Law, vapour pressure and Raoult’s Law, ideal and non-ideal solutions and azeotropes.
Students also study colligative properties such as relative lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling point, depression of freezing point and osmotic pressure. They also learn how these properties are used to determine molar masses. The chapter includes abnormal molar masses and the van't Hoff factor, which explain the association and dissociation of solute particles in solutions.
Chapter 2 - Electrochemistry
Chapter 2 discusses the relationship between chemical reactions and electrical energy. Students learn about electrolytic and galvanic cells, electrode potentials and the measurement of cell voltage using standard electrode potentials. The chapter explains redox reactions in electrochemical cells, the Nernst equation and the factors affecting cell potential.
Students also study electrical conductance in electrolytic solutions, molar and equivalent conductivity, and the variation of conductivity with concentration. The chapter also covers electrolysis, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, batteries, fuel cells and corrosion along with methods of its prevention.
Chapter 3 - Chemical Kinetics
Chemical Kinetics explains how fast chemical reactions occur and the factors affecting their speed. Students learn about the rate of a reaction, rate laws, rate constants and the relationship between concentration and reaction rate.
The chapter discusses important concepts such as order and molecularity of reactions, integrated rate equations for zero-order and first-order reactions and half-life periods. Students also study the effect of temperature on reaction rates through the Arrhenius equation, activation energy and collision theory.
Chapter 4 - The d-and f-Block Elements
This chapter discusses the transition elements (d-block) and inner transition elements (f-block) of the periodic table. Students learn about their electronic configurations, occurrence and general trends in physical and chemical properties.
The chapter explains important characteristics of transition metals, such as variable oxidation states, coloured ions, magnetic behaviour, catalytic properties and the tendency to form complex compounds. Students also study the lanthanoids and actinoids, including their electronic configurations, oxidation states and the phenomenon of lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
Chapter 5 - Coordination Compounds
Chapter 5 talks about coordination compounds, a special class of compounds formed by the combination of metal ions and surrounding molecules or ions called ligands. Students learn about the terminology of coordination chemistry, including coordination number, ligands, coordination sphere and nomenclature of coordination compounds.
The chapter explains Werner’s theory, various types of isomerism in coordination compounds and the nature of bonding through Valence Bond Theory. Students also study the magnetic properties and colours of coordination compounds, and their importance in biological systems, analytical chemistry, metallurgy and medicine.
Chapter 6 - Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
This chapter explains organic compounds in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogens such as chlorine, bromine, fluorine and iodine. Students learn about the classification, nomenclature, preparation and physical properties of haloalkanes and haloarenes. The chapter explains the nature of the carbon–halogen bond and important reactions of these compounds, including nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2), elimination, and reactions involving metals.
Students also study the preparation and reactions of haloarenes, the lower reactivity of aryl halides and important polyhalogen compounds such as chloroform, iodoform, DDT and freons along with their uses and environmental effects.
Chapter 7 - Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
Chapter 7 discusses organic compounds containing oxygen in the form of alcohols (–OH group attached to carbon), phenols (–OH group attached to a benzene ring) and ethers. Students learn about their classification, IUPAC nomenclature, structure, physical properties and methods of preparation.
The chapter explains important reactions of alcohols such as oxidation, dehydration, and esterification, and reactions of phenols including acidity, nitration, bromination, Kolbe’s reaction and the Reimer–Tiemann reaction. It also covers the preparation and reactions of ethers, including Williamson ether synthesis and ether cleavage. Students study hydrogen bonding and how it affects boiling points and solubility.
Chapter 8 - Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
This chapter explains three important classes of organic compounds that contain the carbonyl group (C=O). Students learn about the nomenclature, structure, preparation, physical properties and chemical reactions of aldehydes, ketones and carboxylic acids.
The chapter explains important reactions such as nucleophilic addition, oxidation, reduction, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction and haloform reaction. Students also study the preparation and reactions of carboxylic acids, their acidic nature and the effect of substituents on acidity. The chapter includes several reactions, Tollens’ and Fehling’s tests, and the industrial and biological importance of these compounds.
Chapter 9 - Amines
Chapter 9 explains organic compounds derived from ammonia in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups. Students learn about the classification, structure, nomenclature, preparation and physical properties of amines. The chapter also explains the basic nature of amines and the factors affecting their basic strength.
Students study important reactions of amines, including alkylation, acylation, carbylamine reaction, Hinsberg test and reactions with nitrous acid. It includes the preparation and reactions of diazonium salts, including Sandmeyer, Gattermann and coupling reactions, which are important for the synthesis of aromatic compounds and dyes.
Chapter 10 - Biomolecules
The last chapter discusses the chemical compounds that form the basis of living organisms. Students learn about carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and enzymes, and their structures, classifications and biological functions.
The chapter explains important biomolecules such as glucose, fructose, starch, cellulose, amino acids, proteins, DNA and RNA. Students also study the role of enzymes as biological catalysts and understand how biomolecules are responsible for growth, energy storage, metabolism and heredity.
